Maculatum — Arum

: Large, glossy, and arrow-shaped (3–11 inches long). They often feature distinctive dark purplish-black spots —the basis of its scientific name maculatum —though these spots are not always present.

: In Britain, the roasted and ground roots were historically used to produce "Portland Sago," a starch substitute, as heat can neutralize some toxins. arum maculatum

: Ethnobotanical records from places like Bulgaria and Turkey mention its use for treating hemorrhoids and purulent infections, though WebMD warns there is no scientific evidence to support these uses and the plant is likely unsafe. : Large, glossy, and arrow-shaped (3–11 inches long)

: Grows from an underground tuber or rhizome, which can be found as deep as 400mm below ground in mature specimens. Ecological & Biological Behavior " a starch substitute