Fabrication — Of Complex Optical Elements From Liquids

Because the shape is formed by molecular forces rather than mechanical cutting, the resulting surfaces have a smoothness (roughness) of less than 1 nanometer, comparable to or better than the most expensive traditionally polished optics.

By submerging a polymer "liquid lens" into a second, density-matched liquid, the effects of gravity are neutralized. This allows surface tension to naturally shape the liquid into a perfectly smooth, mathematically precise curve. Fabrication of complex optical elements from liquids

The shape of the lens can be altered in real-time by adjusting the volume of the liquid or the geometry of the containment frame, allowing for the creation of complex, non-spherical (aspheric) lenses in a fraction of the time required by traditional manufacturing. Because the shape is formed by molecular forces

Instead of using physical molds or tools, researchers leverage the natural physics of liquids, specifically: The shape of the lens can be altered