: The Hundred Years' War (1337–1453) broke out. Figures like Joan of Arc helped France unify. In England, the Magna Carta (1215) limited royal power.
: Campaigns (1096–1291 AD) to "liberate" the Holy Land. They increased trade but caused immense destruction. Formation of Centralized States : The Hundred Years' War (1337–1453) broke out
: The Church was the largest landowner. The Great Schism (1054 AD) split Christianity into Catholic and Orthodox branches. : The Hundred Years' War (1337–1453) broke out
: Islam emerged in the 7th century through Muhammad. The Arabs conquered vast lands from Spain to India, creating a rich culture that preserved Greek science. Life in the Middle Ages : The Hundred Years' War (1337–1453) broke out