This guide outlines the core concepts of , focusing on building secure, scalable, and maintainable web applications by organizing code into independent, reusable "tiers" or "modules" . Core Concepts of Object-Oriented Programming (OOP)

: Bundling data and the methods that operate on that data within a single object, often restricting direct access to prevent unintended interference.

: Allowing a new class (child) to inherit properties and methods from an existing class (parent), which promotes code reuse.