Power &: Interdependence

: Among modern, industrialised democracies, the cost of using force is high and its utility for solving economic or ecological problems is low. II. Power in an Interdependent World

These institutions help and make cooperation more predictable. Power & Interdependence

As countries become more intertwined, they create —sets of rules, norms, and procedures that govern specific issue areas (like the World Trade Organization for trade). : Among modern, industrialised democracies, the cost of

: A state's ability to adjust and find alternatives over time. If a country can easily switch to solar power when oil prices rise, it is sensitive but not highly vulnerable. Bargaining Power As countries become more intertwined, they create —sets

The less-dependent state often has more in negotiations.

: Military security no longer consistently dominates. Economic, environmental, and social issues (often called "low politics") are frequently at the forefront of national agendas.

The core of the "Power and Interdependence" framework, pioneered by Robert Keohane and Joseph Nye , suggests that the traditional "Realist" view of international relations—where states are the only actors and military force is the primary currency of power—is increasingly insufficient in a globalised world. I. The Shift to Complex Interdependence