This group included artisans, small shopkeepers, and low-level employees. They paid the poll tax, provided recruits for the army, and were subject to corporal punishment. Summary of Change
Highest tier, allowed to conduct foreign trade and exempt from corporal punishment. 2nd/3rd Guilds: Focused on domestic and local trade.
A unique military estate that guarded the empire's borders. In exchange for military service, they held land and remained free from taxes. Urban Dwellers ( Meschane )
Status passed from parents to children.
of the Kosulina 8th-grade history textbook focuses on the Social Structure of Russia in the Early 19th Century , detailing how the Russian Empire was organized into strict legal estates ( sosloviya ) under Alexander I. Core Structure of Russian Society